Robitnytsia - A Source for Ukrainian Canadian Women's History

I am a young mother with my afternoons free...

I would dearly love to learn to speak and write Ukrainian...

My mother is Ukrainian but she no longer speaks her native tongue.

This area has a lot of Ukrainian people that I would love to talk to,

but most of them do not speak English.

[Signed] UKRAINIAN BY DESCENT

'Dear Doris', Doris Clark columnist, The Brandon Sun,

Manitoba, Canada, Tuesday, 23 March 1965, p. 5

Dear Doris's answer to "U By D" was very positive about this young woman's proposal to assist an older neighbour with his English while learning some Ukrainian from him. Doris also pointed out how many resources for learning Ukrainian were then available in the community. This was a far cry from earlier years, I suspect, when both mother and daughter may have been forbidden or at least strongly encouraged to speak only English. But did this young mother's children learn Ukrainian? How will that affect their future family history pursuits?

Despite Doris's optimistic answer, according to Census Canada, while in 1971, 309,890 Canadians said their first language was Ukrainian, in 2001, there were only 157,385 and in 2006, only 141,805 native Ukrainian speakers. The language groups that showed the largest data in 1971 – German, Italian, Ukrainian and Polish – for the last 35 years are no longer among the list of top immigration sources. (Note 1) The children of these earlier immigrants in the main now have English or French as their first language, although some children in my grandson's generation, especially in Manitoba, I understand, are going to Ukrainian schools.

Because I have become interested in Eastern European born family connections, I have been reading articles and books and researching Internet sources. This month to celebrate International Women's Day, I chose to read Frances Swyripa's book, Wedded to the Cause, about Ukrainian-Canadian women.

Her's is not a detailed timeline or history of women and women's organizations. She makes it clear from the start that her goal is to examine ideas, not necessarily everyday reality. However, she does give many examples of events, and of practical matters, as well as attitudes within and without Ukrainian-Canadian communities which directly affected women's lives.

Much of her information came from historical periodicals and newspapers. She reports that in March, 1937, for instance, muddy roads kept the women of the Ranfurly, Alberta branch of the Ukrainian Labour-Farmer Temple Association (ULFTA), a left wing political organization, from attending their own International Women's Day event. (Note 2)

Some of her information comes from Robitnytsia, "a semi-monthly magazine for Workingwomen. Organ of the Workingwomen's Section of U.L.F.T.A.", published in Manitoba, Canada. I wanted to have a look at the magazine myself, if possible. Although I do not read Ukrainian, I thought I might get a sense of its content and I could always copy anything of interest and have that translated. Swyripa does have some information about the magazine's history, its (all male) editors and the kind of articles it carried, as does Joan Sangster in an article about the magazine noted below.

I found that Simon Fraser University in Burnaby had a microfilm copy and viewing it, I was immediately struck by how often photographs of women, mostly young women, were included (and how well these had been reproduced on the film). Many issues have names of letter writers and subscribers or contributors, as well as articles about social and political matters, science, jokes and poems, and apparently recipes. And this magazine was for a North American audience. Although I'm most interested in Canada, groups in the United States were mentioned.

How many people doing their family history will look for grandma or great grandma in these kind of publications though?

First, although these particular magazines have been microfilmed, they are mainly available only at university libraries or by purchase. Second, almost everything in them is written in Ukrainian - that's why I looked for statistics on Ukrainian native speakers in Canada. Most of the Ukrainian-Canadians I know my age or younger do not read Ukrainian at all, even if they speak some. And third, this particular publication was highly political and at least a few people I know don't seem to want to investigate their family members' political backgrounds. (This doesn't apply only to Ukrainian-Canadians, of course.)

The Multicultural History Society of Ontario, which microfilmed Robitnytsia and its predecessor, Holos robitnytsi (Voice of the Working Woman) in the 1970s, has partnered with Simon Fraser University of Burnaby, British Columbia in the university's MultiCultural Canada digitization projects. However, although there are some Ukrainian resources being included in that collection, these publications are not among them.

And, as far as I can learn, there are no genealogical/historical indexes publically available for Robitnytsia or Holos robitnytsi. This ought to be remedied and soon.

It is almost a constant refrain of mine that so few historical labour, political and 'ethnic' newspapers and magazines are being made available digitally, even though many Canadian publications like these have been available on microfilm for decades.

If you have an interest in any of these photographs, please contact me.

And in this case, I feel it is especially sad. Sometimes it seems there are so few historical sources about women, particularly regarding early immigrants to Canada, and to politics and community action. These publications ought to be more widely accessible.

This is where the co-operation of a genealogical society could be vital, first, if the group has an Eastern European or Ukrainian Special Interest Group, in finding readers or translators as requested, second, by making references to these kind of publications better known to its members and others, and third, by encouraging the indexing and digization of this kind of publication for research use.

This post was written for the Carnival of Central and Eastern European Genealogy.

RESOURCES

Robitnytsia (Workingwoman). 15 March, 1924-August 1937. Microfilm, Multicultural History Society of Ontario [MHSO]: http://www.mhso.ca/ Toronto, Microfilm Recording Co., 1972. 7 reels, 35 mm. Chiefly Ukrainian, some English. Organ of the Workingwomen's Section of Ukrainian Labor Temple Association, originally published in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.

Holos robitnytsi (Voice of the working woman). January/February 1923-February/March 1924. Microfilm, Multicultural History Society of Ontario [MHSO]: http://www.mhso.ca/
Originally published in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, monthly.

Wedded To The Cause: Ukrainian-Canadian Women and Ethnic Identity 1891-1991 by Frances Swyripa (Toronto: University of Toronto, 1993)

"Robitnytsia, Ukrainian Communists, and the 'Porcupinism' Debate: Reassessing Ethnicity, Gender, and Class in Early Canadian Communism, 1922–1930" by Joan Sangster. Labour/Le Travail .56 (2005): 63 pars. 31 Mar. 2009 - Available on-line: http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/llt/56/sangster.html

MultiCultural Canada, Simon Fraser University: http://multiculturalcanada.ca/ukr

Notes

Note 1. "The Evolving Linguistic Portrait, 2006 Census: Sharp increase in population with a mother tongue other than English or French", Statistics Canada: http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/analysis/language/allophone.cfm

Note 2. Wedded To The Cause, Frances Swyripa, 1993, p. 161. Citing Ukrainian Canadian, March 1972, pp. 20-1 and June 1978, pp. 15-19. [Another publication to look at - originally published in Toronto, Ontario, Canada from 1947-1991. Microfilmed by MHSO.]

Ukraine: An Illustrated History - Carnival of Central and Eastern European Genealogy - 15th Edition

Souvenir booklet for Ukrainian Week in Ottawa, Canada, 30 January to 8 February, 1976. 66 pp. Black & white with colour photo on back cover. Private collection.

The image shown on the front cover is a 'bandurist', a singing minstrel ..."known for his songs of heroism and valour."

It’s time for the 15th Edition of the Carnival of Central and Eastern European Genealogy. This will be my first entry in this Carnival. The topic this time is “history books. Write about a history book that you have read or are reading that deals with the history of a Central or Eastern European country or the regions of Central and Eastern Europe.”

Although I have no direct ancestors from Central or Eastern Europe (that I know of), several people in my family married into Ukrainian Canadian families and my mother grew up in an area of Manitoba, Canada where many Ukrainian Canadians lived. I wanted to learn more about these families and thought it a good time to read more about Ukrainian immigration to Canada and about the history of Ukraine.

From school in the 1950’s and later in university courses, the most vivid image of Canada’s immigration policy from the 1890’s was of the immigrants in ‘sheepskin coats’ – the Ukrainian families who were encouraged to emigrate to Canada and take up land on the prairies – in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. I do know something about Canadian immigration policy and prairie settlement, but almost nothing about Ukraine’s own history, so that’s where I decided to start.

The book I chose to read first was Ukraine: An Illustrated History by Paul Robert Magocsi (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007). I did a search about Ukrainian history writing and browsed a couple of library’s shelves first. I picked this particular book because, in his introduction, Magocsi says that “History can best be understood when the reader has access to maps" (p. ix) and I could see right away that maps appear throughout the book and complement the text, photographs and other illustrations. I know that for myself when I am learning about a new place, the first thing I reach for is a map or gazetteer, so I liked Magocsi's style.

Paul Robert Magocsi is the Chair of Ukrainian Studies at the University of Toronto in Ontario, Canada, the editor of The Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples and the author of a number of books and articles. I was interested to see that much history of Ukraine has been written by Canadians and sponsored by Canadian organizations.

I found Ukraine: An Illustrated History a very readable, well organized and balanced history. Magocsi’s study of Ukrainian history involves a “territorial, or multicultural approach” (p.ix). He stresses the importance of Ukraine's historic regions, even when their boundaries have extended beyond present-day Ukraine and he looks, however briefly, at all the various ethnic groups who’ve lived in these regions. Little history worth reading is without controversy, and I know Magocsi’s multi-cultural approach, particularly concerning the Rusyns, has been criticized, but those new to Ukrainian history like myself will likely appreciate his "territorial" approach. I did find some of the sections on World War II less balanced, even troubling, though.

Ukraine: An Illustrated History covers the history of this area from the time of its first semi-permanent settlements to almost present day. The introductory chapter on physical geography was too short for me, and since the book is only 308 pages, no early period gets too much attention. About a third of the book covers Ukraine’s history after World War I. Although there is little detail about the period I am most interested in, 1890-1914, this is certainly a book well worth reading for background history alone and it has spurred me to read further.

Ukraine: An Illustrated History has 46 maps as well as 16 charts (mainly dealing with population), a good index and excellent illustrations. The only thing missing, I think, is a note on ‘further reading’. However, since Magocsi himself has written many other books, including two general books on Ukraine – A History of Ukraine (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996) and Ukraine, a historical atlas written with Geoffrey J. Matthews, cartographer, (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985) likely I will continue on with these.

In addition, I am currently reading two other older histories which I am finding helpful: Peasants in the promised land: Canada and the Ukrainians, 1891-1914 by Jaroslav Petryshyn with Luba Dzubak (Toronto: James Lorimer & Co., 1985) and Early Ukrainian settlements in Canada, 1895-1900: Dr. Joseph Oleskow's role in the settlement of the Canadian Northwest by Vladimir Julian Kaye (Toronto: Ukrainian Canadian Research Foundation, University of Toronto Press, 1964). Both these books are based in large part upon archival sources and discuss to some extent the history of Ukrainian attitudes towards emigration. Kaye’s book is very detailed; Petryshyn’s doesn’t neglect the history of Ukrainian Canadian labour and radical politics. Both books are indexed; Kaye’s book even includes a surname index.

I am also reading two genealogy guides - Ukrainian Genealogy: A Beginners’ Guide by John D. Pihack (Edmonton, Canada: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press, 2007) and Finding Your Ukrainian Ancestors by Muryl Andrejciw Geary (Toronto: Heritage Productions, 4th Edition, 2003). I can recommend these two guides as well. Geary’s book is a good introduction to research and Pihack’s book is particularly thorough with extensive suggestions for research sources and reading.

I'm very interested in hearing suggestions for further reading.

To read more about this Carnival of Central and Eastern European Genealogy, go to:
Jessica's Genejournal: http://jessicagenejournal.blogspot.com